Noninvasive tests in venous insufficiency.

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is the result of outflow obstruction, reflux or a combination of both. Noninvasive tests detect an quantify obstruction and reflux if present and define the anatomic localisation of the abnormality. In evaluating CVI noninvasive tests combine physiologic and imaging techniques. These tests are widely available, simple, quick and cost-effective and therefore they are the methods of choice for initial objective evaluation. Different tests provide answers to different questions. The optimum clinically useful information can be now obtained using only three instruments: pocket Doppler, duplex or color duplex scanner and air plethysmography. The value of ambulatory venous pressure, photoplethysmography and light reflection reography, air plethysmography, duplex and color duplex scanning to assess reflux and the value of tests to assess out-flow obstruction are presented. Pooled data collected from large studies are also presented for reference. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of CVI are useful both for clinical assessment and to evaluate the effect of treatments.