Nonthermal ablation of malignant esophageal strictures. Photodynamic therapy, endoscopic intratumoral injections, and novel modalities.

Several novel nonthermal ablative modalities for the palliation of malignant esophageal stenoses have been developed over the past decade. In this article, the authors review techniques and clinical experience with photodynamic therapy as well as the intratumoral injection of alcohol, cytotoxins, and immunomodulators.