Plasma alpha 2 macroglobulin is increased in nephrotic patients as a result of increased synthesis alone.

Background: alpha 2 Macroglobulin (alpha 2M), a protease inhibitor, is often increased in plasma of patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Although it has been speculated that synthesis is increased, no direct measurements have been performed.
Methods: alpha 2M synthesis in both normal subjects (N = 4) and nephrotic patients (N = 7) were measured using endogenous labeling with 13C valine in order to establish the mechanism of increased plasma level in the nephrotic syndrome and the relationship between alpha 2M synthesis rate and plasma concentration over a wide range of plasma concentration values. A primed (15 mumol/kg)/continuous (15 mumol/kg/hr) infusion was administered for six hours. Blood samples were collected at different intervals and at each time point alpha 2M was isolated from EDTA plasma using immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Care was taken to ensure that the alpha 2M used for combustion had not been subjected to proteolysis. The rate of appearance of 13C valine derived from the isolated alpha 2M was measured by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
Results: Plasma alpha 2M was significantly elevated in nephrotic subjects (3.13 +/- 0.33 g/liter) versus controls (1.64 +/- 0.15 g/liter; P = 0.012). The alpha 2M fractional synthesis rate [(FSR), which is equal to fractional catabolic rate (FCR) in steady state] was the same in the two groups: 2.70 +/- 0.18%/day for the nephrotic patients versus controls 2.74 +/- 0.21%/day. However, the alpha 2M absolute synthesis rate (ASR) was significantly (P = 0.012) increased in the patients (3.69 +/- 0.33 mg/kg/day) versus controls (2.06 +/- 0.35 mg/kg/day). Plasma alpha 2M concentration correlated directly to its ASR (r2 = 0.821; P = 0.0001; N = 11).
Conclusions: Increased plasma alpha 2M concentration in nephrotic patients is therefore a result of increased synthesis alone.