Distal biceps tendon injuries.

Distal biceps tendon ruptures present with an initial tearing sensation accompanied by acute pain; weakness may follow. The hook test is very reliable for diagnosing ruptures, and magnetic resonance imaging can provide information about the integrity and any intrasubstance degeneration of the tendon. There are subtle differences between the outcomes of single and modified two-incision operative repairs. With regard to complications, there is a higher prevalence of nerve injuries in association with single-incision techniques and a higher prevalence of heterotopic ossification in association with two-incision techniques. Fixation techniques include the use of bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, and cortical fixation buttons. There is no clinical evidence supporting the use of one fixation method over another, although cortical button fixation has been shown to provide the highest load tolerance and stiffness. Postoperative rehabilitation has become more aggressive as fixation methods have improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]