Holocene dynamics of an eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forest site at the northern range of the species limit.

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is a shade-tolerant tree of the temperate conifer-hardwood forests of northeastern North America whose northern limit of distribution coincides with the St Lawrence River around Québec City (Canada). We have analyzed the structure and dynamics of one of the very few old-growth hemlock stands in this area to evaluate its successional status at the Holocene scale. To document the origin and long-term development of the hemlock site, we have used conventional forest surveys and macrofossil analysis of woody debris and charcoal pieces at the soil surface and buried in the mineral soil. The ‘Rivière-du-Moulin hemlock forest’ is an old-growth forest, at least 1000 years old, whose structure has been rejuvenated by recurrent surface fires killing most plants of the shaded forest floor and facilitating hemlock regeneration. According to the number of fires and the corresponding fire intervals, the hemlock site experienced a sustained fire regime since the mid-Holocene, first in a developmental context of hardwood forests where beech (Fagus), butternut (Juglans), and birch (Betula) were growing, and then for the last 2400–2100 years as conifer forests where hemlock prevailed throughout or during a large part of the period. Our data highlight the influence of fire on the dynamics of hemlock-hardwood stands, a forest ecosystem generally viewed as being controlled by local light and medium canopy-gap disturbances. Soil charcoal analysis of conifer-hardwood forests may be used concurrently with canopy-gap analysis to decipher the influence of stand-scale disturbances and to calculate better forest turnover at several time scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]