'PSEUDO-PARTICIPATION' AND THE SUCCESS OF INNOVATION IN THE INTRODUCTION OF THE C.ED.

One English industrial study found that the least successful firms in receiving, evaluating and assimilating fresh ideas were hierarchical, with sharply defined spheres of duty and a largely downward system of communication. The best were less hierarchical, had less sharply-defined spheres of responsibility, had plenty of opportunity for the lateral exchange of views and had communication systems that passed messages upward as well as downward. In 1963 the Bachelor of Education degree (B.Ed,) seemed to many lecturers in universities and colleges of education such an innovative idea. The university subject departments were represented on all groups except the Principals' Panel and the Subject Panels. Participation in policy-making seems to have been limited to the Principals' Panel, the Syllabus Committees and, to a much lesser degree, to the Professional Committee and the BEd. Board of Studies. Power in any organization is determined by possession of resources, and one of the most important of these is information.