The Birth and Development of Innovation Ecosystems: A Literature Review.

The objective of this paper is to understand the actors and the factors that come to prominence during the birth of innovation ecosystems. To this end, we conduct a systematic review of the literature studying the formation of inter-organisational networks, with a focus on the pharmaceutical setting. Our results underline several core and peripheral organisational actors, as well as a number of noteworthy individuals which play pivotal roles in ecosystem genesis. We additionally divulge numerous factors that influence the emergence of ecosystems, pertaining either to the actors, the connection between these actors, the nature of the network itself, or the network's embedding environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]