Aggregator-Controlled EV Charging in Pay-as-Bid Reserve Markets With Strict Delivery Constraints.

Electric vehicles (EVs), similar to other types of flexible loads, can be controlled to provide additional flexibility to power system operators, which is needed to transition from primarily fossil fuel based electricity generation to more renewable generation. Existing electricity markets already provide economic incentives to offer flexibility. So-called aggregators in charge of controlling EV charging could take advantage of these incentives. However, random driving behavior and area-specific market rules complicate the market participation of EV aggregators in energy and reserve markets. The goal of this paper is to investigate the design and performance of a system that would enable EV aggregators to participate in wholesale electricity markets. We consider a certain type of market environment, which includes an intraday energy market and pay-as-bid reserve markets that require exact reserve delivery and have long operating intervals. We therefore propose a novel approach for concurrent market participation that can deal with these constraints, even when faced with highly uncertain reserve activation and EV behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]