Stable single-mode operation of 894.6 nm VCSEL at high temperatures for Cs atomic sensing.

In this paper, stable single-mode operation at high temperatures is produced by the surface-relief-integrated vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). The gain-cavity mode detuning technique is employed to realize high operating temperatures for the VCSEL. The surface relief is etched in the centre of the top side as a mode discriminator for the fundamental mode output, and the threshold current minimum is 1.94 mA at high temperatures by the gain-cavity mode detuning technique. Maximum single-fundamental-mode output power of 0.45 mW at 80 °C is obtained, and the side mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) are more than 30 dB with increasing temperature and current, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]