Egg albumin-assisted sol–gel synthesis and photo-catalytic activity of SnO2 micro/nano-structured biscuits.

Abstract: SnO₂ micro/nano-structured biscuits had been successfully prepared via egg albumin-assisted sol–gel procedure. The typical sample calcined at 900 °C was pure SnO₂ with a tetragonal rutile structure, constructed by the numerous pomegranate seed-like irregular nanoparticles in the range of ~100 to ~400 nm. The complexation of egg albumin and tin ions and the bonding characteristics of functional groups had been confirmed. The band gap energy values of samples were apparently higher than the reference value of bulk matter, which could be assigned to a well-known effect that small particles tended to exhibit increased band gaps. It was revealed that with the increase of the calcined temperature the photoluminescence efficiency increased. The sample at 500 °C had the higher photocatalytic activity and the higher mean photo-degradation rate of MO was 88.1 ± 1.2% as compared to other samples, which could be assigned to the lower value of band gap due to the defect levels in the band gap from the impurities formed during the growth and the lower photoluminescence efficiency, beneficial to electrons transfer and reducing the combination of electron and hole, which resulted in better photocatalytic activity.Graphical abstract: <inline-graphic></inline-graphic> [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]