The significance of cytokine-producing B cells in breast tumor-draining lymph nodes.

Purpose: The role of cytokine-producing B cells in antitumor immunity is mostly overlooked. In the present study, we investigated changes in B cell cytokine profiles in breast tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) during disease progression, and associations of these changes with prognostic indicators. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to measure the expression of TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-2 and IFN-γ in B cells from 42 axillary lymph nodes. The frequencies of IL-10⁺ and FoxP3⁺ T regulatory cells (Tregs) were also determined. Results: No significant changes in B cell cytokine profiles were observed during breast cancer progression from stage I to III, but the percentage of B cells with high TNF-α expression (TNF^hi) showed a negative relationship with lymph node involvement and Her2 expression (p < 0.05). The percentage of IL-10⁺ B cells was found to be significantly higher in non-metastatic lymph nodes in node-negative compared to node-positive patients (p = 0.001). The frequencies of IL-10⁺ and TNF^hi B cells were found to be negatively correlated with the number of involved lymph nodes. The frequency of TNF^hi B cells showed an inverse correlation with the frequency of FoxP3⁺ Tregs, which in turn was associated with indicators of a poor prognosis. Conclusions: Our data indicate that the cytokine profiles of B cells in TDLNs of patients with breast cancer show associations with various disease parameters. TNF^hi and IL-10⁺ B cells correlated positively with indicators of a good prognosis. Further functional studies are required to elucidate the role of cytokine production by B cells in immunity against breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]