QTL analysis of delayed maize flowering in response to low phosphate across multi-environments.

Phosphorus (P) is required for numerous developmental processes, such as flowering and reproduction, in maize (Zea mays L.). It is also an essential nutrient in fertilizers to sustain high yields in farmlands with insufficient available phosphate, particularly in acid soils in China. Flowering time is a key factor influencing the adaptation of maize to the local environment and is associated with high yields. However, few studies have focused on the genetic characteristics of flowering time under low phosphate conditions. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between X178 and 9782 was evaluated for three flowering time traits under two phosphates (Pi) levels at four locations. We found that low phosphate significantly delayed the flowering stage of maize and proposed the hypothesis of "Phosphorus Accumulation Effect". Mixed-model-based composite interval mapping was used to dissect the genetic basis of the flowering time traits. A total of 41 quantitative trait loci (QTL) was identified for the three flowering time traits through four procedures. Among these 41 QTL, 38 focused on four hot regions, including bin 2.02, bin 2.03, bin 5.04, and bin 6.01. These regions and linked markers should be the targets for fine mapping, map-based cloning, and marker-assisted selection of flowering time and phosphate utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]