The Graveyard of Empires: Haunting, Amnesia and Afghanistan's Construction as a Burial Site.

Afghanistan appears to exist in a different time from 'us.' Modernization theory, linear narratives of progress, teleological tales of growth and common sense stories of development seem to have met their match when it comes to this landlocked country. This paper considers the ubiquitous construction of Afghanistan as the 'Graveyard of Empires' to explore the ways in which representation, memory-making, and an allegory of mythic import perform a constitutive function and help suture an otherwise disjointed history of Afghanistan. Conducting a sustained inquiry into the political valence of the Graveyard trope, the paper reveals that it is especially ill-chosen on three counts. (i) It is ahistorical, relying on a selective evocation of history. Related to this ahistoricism, it sets up the past as the 'key' to understanding the Afghan present. On this account, another future is not possible. (ii) It is geographically or at least 'physically' deterministic: Afghanistan is constructed as a land of unconquerable terrain, its topography menacing and ultimately unassailable. Not only does this present the physical environment as an immutable entity, it also feeds into representations of Afghans as rugged warriors, bred to be weathered and connately austere. (iii) It is racialized: Afghans as inhabitants, creators and living relics of this graveyard are constructed as inured to hardship, belligerent and always already girded for combat. Thus the 'graveyard of empires' becomes a politically charged trope that is engaged in a continual re-inscription of the Afghan population as an alien other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]