Predicting evapotranspiration from drone-based thermography - a method comparison in a tropical oil palm plantation.

For the assessment of evapotranspiration, near- surface airborne thermography offers new opportunities for studies with high numbers of spatial replicates and in a fine spatial resolution. We tested drone-based thermography and the subsequent application of three energy balance models (DATTUTDUT, TSEB-PT, DTD) using the widely accepted eddy covariance technique as a reference method. The study site was a mature oil palm plantation in lowland Sumatra, Indonesia. For the 61 flight missions, latent heat flux estimates of the DATTUTDUT model with measured net radiation agreed well with eddy covariance measurements (r² = 0.85; MAE = 47; RMSE = 60) across variable weather conditions and daytimes. Confidence intervals for slope and intercept of a model II Deming regression suggest no difference between drone-based and eddy covariance method, thus indicating interchangeability. TSEB-PT and DTD yielded agreeable results, but all three models are sensitive to the configuration of the net radiation assessment. Overall, we conclude that drone-based thermography with energy-balance modeling is a reliable method complementing available methods for evapotranspiration studies. It offers promising, additional opportunities for fine grain and spatially explicit studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]