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Eucalyptus essential oils inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages through reducing MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
- Source :
- BMC Complementary Medicine & Therapies; 6/29/2020, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p1-11, 11p, 2 Diagrams, 1 Chart, 4 Graphs
- Publication Year :
- 2020
-
Abstract
- Background: Eucalyptus essential oils have been used in traditional medicine for centuries. It was reported that Eucalyptus leaves possess antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils extracted from the leaves of four different Eucalyptus species in RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf essential oils of Eucalyptus. The cell survival was quantified by an Alamar Blue assay. Nitric oxide (NO) production was assessed by Griess reaction. TNF-α and IL-6 production were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity was measured by NF-κB reporter assay. Intracellular protein expression levels were determined by Western blot. The expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC) and NF-κB pathway were measured by western blot in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage. Results: The essential oils extracted from Eucalyptus citriodora leaf exert the best NO inhibitory activity in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. The essential oils were fractionated into fractions A-H, and fraction F has been demonstrated to inhibit the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, NO, iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. Mechanistic analysis revealed that fraction F reduced the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, p38, PKC-α, PKC-ε and PKC-δ, and inhibited the NF-κB transcriptional activity. The chemical composition of Fraction F was determined by GC-MS. Conclusions: The discoveries made herein could help develop innovative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with minimal side effects and strong efficacy. Clinical trials on these Eucalyptus leaf essential oils will help customize and optimize their therapeutic administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Subjects :
- ANALYSIS of variance
ANTI-inflammatory agents
CELLULAR signal transduction
ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay
ESSENTIAL oils
EUCALYPTUS oil
GAS chromatography
GENE expression
INTERLEUKINS
LEAVES
MACROPHAGES
MASS spectrometry
PHOSPHORYLATION
TRANSCRIPTION factors
TUMOR necrosis factors
WESTERN immunoblotting
DNA-binding proteins
NITRIC-oxide synthases
PLANT extracts
MITOGEN-activated protein kinases
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
CELL survival
DESCRIPTIVE statistics
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 26627671
- Volume :
- 20
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- Complementary Index
- Journal :
- BMC Complementary Medicine & Therapies
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 144296884
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02999-0