Formation and interaction of multiple secondary flow vortical structures in a curved pipe: transient and oscillatory flows.

Transient, steady and oscillatory flows in a $180^{\circ }$ curved pipe are investigated both numerically and experimentally to understand secondary flow vortex formation and interactions. The results of numerical simulations and particle image velocimetry experiments are highly correlated, with a low error. To enable simulations in a smaller domain with shorter inlet section, an analytical solution for the unsteady Navier–Stokes equation is obtained with non-zero initial conditions to provide physical velocity profiles for the simulations. The vorticity transport equation is studied and its terms are balanced to find the mechanism of vorticity transfer to structures in the curved pipe. Several vortices are identified via various vortex identification (ID) methods and their results are compared. Isosurfaces of the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}$ vortex ID are used to explain the temporal and spatial evolution of vortices in the curved pipe. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the velocity gradient tensor are calculated for the swirling strength vortex ID method, which also determines vortex axis orientation. The classical Lyne vortex in oscillatory flow with an inviscid core is also revisited and its results are compared with the transient and steady flows. These in-depth analyses provide a better understanding and characterization of vortical structures in the curved pipe flow. Our findings show that, although there are some visual similarities between cross-sectional views of steady/transient flows and oscillatory flows, the structure herein designated as Lyne-type vortex detected in the cross-sections (under steady, transient and pulsatile flows) is not the same as the classical Lyne vortex pair (in oscillatory flows). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]