Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass waveguides formed by the H+ ion implantation.

The 400 keV proton implantation with a fluence of 8. 0 × 1 0 1 6 ions/cm² was applied on the Er 3 + / Yb 3 + co-doped phosphate glass to fabricate a planar waveguide structure. The mode profile at the end face of the waveguide was measured by the end-face coupling technique. The energy loss profile of the energetic protons was calculated by the SRIM 2013. The refractive index distribution was simulated by the reflectivity calculation method. Based on these results, the formation theory of the planar waveguides was discussed through simulating the energy loss distribution and analyzing the reconstructed refractive index profile, which could be used for applications in the future integrated optical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]