Ottoman Campaigns in the First World War.

Using these definitions, we may judge that the Ottoman army waged thirty-two campaigns (fourteen offensive campaigns and eighteen defensive campaigns) during the First World War. An Overview of the Ottoman Campaigns 12 Of the fourteen offensive campaigns waged by the Ottoman army in the First World War, seven were deliberate campaigns and seven were campaigns of 8 Mesut Uyar and Edward Erickson, Military History of the Ottomans From Osman to Ataturk (Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Security International, 2009), p. 264. The article also presents an appraisal of the various offensive and defensive campaigns that the Ottoman army conducted in the First World War as well as identifying a new vocabulary that distinguishes the army's deliberate campaigns from its campaigns of opportunity and expediency. VOLUME 20, ISSUE 2 ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2021 ISSN: 1488-559X Journal of Military and Strategic Studies Ottoman Campaigns in the First World War Ed Erickson Introduction Unlike the British or the Americans, the Turks do not officially designate or name military campaigns in their official histories. [Extracted from the article]