Surface deformation and landslides caused by the 6th nuclear test of North Korea on September 3, 2017 detected by satellite SAR and InSAR techniques.

The 6^th nuclear test of North Korea on September 3, 2017 produced an m^b 6.1 artificial earthquake and significant surface deformations detectable from satellite observations. Wang et al. (2018) have reported the surface displacement of the Mt. Mantap caused by the explosion by applying offset-tracking method to TerraSAR-X SAR images. Based on the assumption of elastic behaviour of the mountain body, they have modelled the rise and collapse of the mountain and suggested the location, depth and energy of the explosion. However, we suspect that the surface displacement might be caused by landslide in which case the elastic modelling would be misleading. In this paper, we use both SAR interferometry and offset-tracking method to quantify the elastic and random deformation caused by the explosion. The 3-D displacement vectors around the rim of the explosion, where the inter-ferometric coherence is maintained, were obtained by using three ALOS-2 interferograms acquired in different orbits. Only east-west component of the displacement vector was valid due to orbital characteristics, which indicates the explosive tendency of the bedrock of up to 25 cm in the rim of the mountain. Deformation on the ruptured zone, where the interferometric coherence is lost, was detected through visual inspection and offset tracking by using two pairs of high-resolution ALOS-2 and TerraSAR-X images. It showed up to 3.5 m displacement on the mountain slope towards the direction of gravity, which is similar to the results of Wang et al. (2018). However, we have visually identified many stable points and features that have not moved at all in the mountain flank surrounded by active surface deformation, which is believed to be stable bedrocks and outcrops. This implies that the displacements observed by the offset method in the mountain flank of the ruptured zone were mostly of landslides caused by the topsoil and boulder stones. It is suggested that elastic behaviour of the mountain body due to the 6^th nuclear test of North Korea is unidentifiable and the subsequent modelling might be invalid in the mountain flank of the ruptured zone where surface motion from landslides is dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]