Investigation of the Effects of Obesity on Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Obesity is one of the most important public health problems in both developed and developing countries. The prevalence of obesity is higher among women of childbearing potential. Obesity in pregnancy is a recognized risk factor for many maternal and neonatal adverse effects, including an increase in the rate of Cesarean sections, embryo macrosomy, and pre-eclampsia and gestation diabetes. Purpose: The aim of this systematic literature review is to investigate the effects of obesity in pregnant women. Methodology: A systematic search was employed in electronic databases such as MEDLINE, CINAHIL, BIOMED, and ProQuest, using the following keywords: maternal obesity, effects of pregnancy (pregnancy outcomes), weight gain, prevention and prenatal complications. Results: According to the survey results, the main health problems faced by obese and overweight women during pregnancy were diabetes mellitus, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, risk of epidural hematoma and post-natal hemorrhage. In addition, obese women more frequently experienced oligohydramnios. Discussion: Obesity in pregnancy is one of the most provocative obstetrical problems and is linked to negative outcomes in pregnancy, for both the mother and the child alike. Diet, physical exercise and nutritional behavior of a woman during pregnancy have significant consequences for the outcome of pregnancy. However, several obese women are unaware of the health risks associated with obesity during pregnancy, and thus, may not consider a change in lifestyle during pregnancy. Conclusions: This review indicated there is an urgent need to target obesity prevention programs to women especially those of child-bearing age in order to prevent detrimental effects on the long-term health of the mother and the infant alike. Moreover, social factors should be taken into account, such as tobacco and alcohol use, even small quantities as these are never 'innocent'. Moreover, the mental health status of the pre- and pregnant women should be safeguarded as there are a number of adverse events associated with poor outcomes for both the mother and child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]