Novel luminescent benzopyranothiophene- and BODIPY-derived aroylhydrazonic ligands and their dicopper(II) complexes: syntheses, antiproliferative activity and cellular uptake studies.

Two novel unsymmetrical binucleating aroylhydrazonic ligands and four dicopper(II) complexes carrying fluorescent benzopyranothiophene (BPT) or boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) entities were synthesized and fully characterized. Complex 1, derived from the BPT-containing ligand H₃L1, had its crystal structure elucidated through X-ray diffraction measurements. The absorption and fluorescence profiles of all the compounds obtained were discussed. Additionally, the stability of the ligands and complexes was monitored by UV–vis spectroscopy in DMSO and biologically relevant media. All the compounds showed moderate to high cytotoxicity towards the triple negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. BPT derivatives were the most cytotoxic, specially H₃L1, reaching an IC₅₀ value up to the nanomolar range. Finally, fluorescence microscopy imaging studies employing mitochondria- and nucleus-staining dyes showed that the BODIPY-carrying ligand H₃L2 was highly cell permeant and suggested that the compound preferentially accumulates in the mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]