Noninvasive urinary protein signatures associated with colorectal cancer diagnosis and metastasis.

Currently, imaging, fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tests are not adequate for the early detection and evaluation of metastasis and recurrence in colorectal cancer (CRC). To comprehensively identify and validate more accurate noninvasive biomarkers in urine, we implement a staged discovery-verification-validation pipeline in 657 urine and 993 tissue samples from healthy controls and CRC patients with a distinct metastatic risk. The generated diagnostic signature combined with the FIT test reveals a significantly increased sensitivity (+21.2% in the training set, +43.7% in the validation set) compared to FIT alone. Moreover, the generated metastatic signature for risk stratification correctly predicts over 50% of CEA-negative metastatic patients. The tissue validation shows that elevated urinary protein biomarkers reflect their alterations in tissue. Here, we show promising urinary protein signatures and provide potential interventional targets to reliably detect CRC, although further multi-center external validation is needed to generalize the findings. More sensitive and specific non-invasive biomarkers are desired for early detection of cancer. Here, the authors show a protein signature in the urine that increases sensitivity for colorectal cancer detection when combined with fecal immunochemical tests and corrects diagnosis in some fecal immunochemical tests-negative patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]