Interannual Variations of Rainfall in Late Spring over Southwest China and Associated Sea Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies.

Based on rainfall data for the period of 1960–2018 from 382 stations in southwest China and multiple reanalysis datasets, interannual variation of rainfall in late spring over Southwest China and associated sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation anomalies are examined. The first leading mode of late-spring rainfall anomalies displays a uniform-distribution pattern. The second leading mode shows a zonal dipole pattern. The leading mode is related to an atmospheric wave train over mid-high latitudes of Eurasia, with a center of action of atmospheric anomaly over Southwest China. The atmospheric anomalies over Southwest China modulate late-spring rainfall there via modulating vertical motion and water vapor transport. In addition, the leading mode of late-spring rainfall anomalies has a close relation with sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. SSTA in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific impacts late-spring rainfall anomalies over Southwest China via modulation of the tropical Walker and Hadley circulation. The second leading mode of late-spring rainfall variation over Southwest China is closely associated with SSTA in the tropical western Pacific and a mid-high latitude wave train. SSTA in the tropical western Pacific and the mid-high latitudes wave train together leads to out-of-phase variation of meridional wind anomalies between western and eastern parts of Southwest China, which further results in a zonal dipole rainfall anomaly over Southwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]