Gender differences in extractive activities: evidence from Ghana.

Purpose: The study seeks to examine women's participation in Ghana's extractive growth-driven economy and the quality of this participation in terms of employment status and earnings relative to their male counterparts and establish whether these differences constitute discrimination for policy attention. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopts both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches to assess the extent of gender inequality in employment and earnings in the Ghanaian extractive sector and the sources of these differences. It computes three segregation indices to ascertain the degree of unequal gender distribution of employment based on nationally representative labour force and living standards surveys followed by quantitative analysis of gender earnings differences using Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition technique. This is complemented by the results of Focus Group Discussion to go behind the numbers and examine the sources of the employment and earnings differences between men and women in extractive activities. Findings: The authors observe lower participation of women in the extractive sector, with a considerable degree of gender segregation and existence of gender earnings gap in favour of men due to differences in observable characteristics such as age, education and occupational skills. There is also evidence of existence of discrimination against women and indication of barriers that impede women's involvement in high-earning extractive activities in Ghana. The study suggests measures to remove these barriers and improve women's education particularly in science, technology, engineering and mathematics to address the gender imbalance in extractive activities in Ghana. Social implications: Women's low involvement in the strong extractive growth-driven process has implication for undermining the effort of empowering women economically. Originality/value: The study draws argument from the literature and adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques to establish gender in terms of employment distribution and earnings in favour of males in the Ghanaian extractive sector. This has the effect of undermining women's economic empowerment and exacerbating gender inequality in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]