Evaluating Starter Feeding on Ruminal Function in Yak Calves: Combined 16S rRNA Sequencing and Metabolomics.

For young ruminants, starter feeding can effectively facilitate the growth and development of rumen in ruminants, but the development of rumen is an important physiological challenge as it remains unclear for the mechanism of starter feeding stimulating. In this study, we performed an analysis of ruminal microbiota and their metabolites in yak calves to explore how the ruminal microbiota and their metabolites stimulate the ruminal function. This study associated 16S rRNA sequencing with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics to evaluate the effects of starter feeding on ruminal microbiota diversity and metabolites in yak calves. We designed the experiment using 20 yak calves that were assigned equally into 2 groups, based on feeding milk replacer; the control (RA) group was fed with alfalfa hay while the treatment (RAS) group was fed with alfalfa hay and starter. After the experiment, we investigated the ruminal microbiota and metabolites through 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics. During the preweaning period, the RAS group significantly promoted the growth performance and ruminal development in yak calves, including increases in body weight, chest girth, and development of rumen (P < 0.05). The RAS group increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota , Proteobacteria , Chloroflexi, Synergistota , and Spirochaetota and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes , Desulfobacterota , Actinobacteriota , and Actinobacteriota at the phylum level (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the ruminal content of the RAS group was significantly enriched for Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Ruminococcus , while depleted for Prevotella , Christensenellaceae_R-7_group , and NK4A214_group (P < 0.05). A total of 37 metabolites were identified between the RA group and the RAS group, of which 15 metabolites were upregulated and 22 metabolites were downregulated compared with the RA group. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that upregulated the metabolites of the RAS group yak calves were related to carbohydrate metabolism, ubiquinone, and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, while the downregulated metabolic pathway was relevant to xenobiotic biodegradation, metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. In summary, starter feeding before weaning significantly increased the dry matter intake and body weight of yak calves, changed the diversity and abundance of ruminal microbiota, and positively regulated the good development of ruminal morphology and function, providing an important basis for high-quality cultivation and the nutritional level of nutrition of yak calves in the Qinghai Tibet plateau. This study is based on the availability of 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics in clarifying the function of starter feeding in the yak calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]