Market Manipulation around Seasoned Equity Offerings: Evidence Prior to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009.

Since the adoption of the SEC's Rule 10b-21 in 1988, many researchers have been concerned over the effectiveness of short sales constraints in preventing manipulative trading in the derivatives market. We analyze whether options can be used as synthetic short sale instruments to manipulate stock prices before a seasoned equity offer. Due to the existence of strict short sales constraints in the equity market and market makers' anticipation of manipulative trading, it would be very costly for a manipulator to drive stock prices down artificially either by short selling in the equity market or by using synthetic short sales in the options market. Using a sample of 237 firms that issued SEOs on the NYSE and had options listed on any U.S. options exchange from April 2002 to December 2004, we show that potential manipulators in the options market tend to use put options as a trading vehicle during the SEO's pre-offer period. The results of our empirical tests support the predictions of our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]