Round-Robin Measurement of Surface Tension for Liquid Titanium by Electromagnetic Levitation (EML) and Electrostatic Levitation (ESL).

To accurately measure the surface tension of liquid titanium free of contamination from chemical reaction with the supporting materials and dissolution of atmospheric oxygen, the measurement was performed by using electromagnetic levitation (EML) and electrostatic levitation (ESL) in consideration of the influence of oxygen partial pressure of the measurement atmosphere, P O 2 . When liquid titanium was maintained at 2000 K under Ar–He gas with P O 2 of 10 Pa flowing at 2 L·min⁻¹ using EML, the surface tension decreased with time due to the dissolution of atmospheric oxygen into the sample. When the P O 2 of the gas was decreased to 10⁻² Pa, the oxygen content and the surface tension were confirmed to not vary, even after 120 min. Even though P O 2 further decreased to 10⁻¹¹ Pa under Ar–He–H₂ gas, the surface tension slightly increased with time due to gas phase equilibrium between H₂ and H₂O that allowed for a continuous dissolution of atmospheric oxygen into the liquid titanium. The surface tension of liquid titanium measured by ESL, which prevents contamination of the sample from supporting materials and the high 10⁻⁵ Pa vacuum inhibits the dissolution of oxygen, showed almost the same value as that measured under Ar–He gas at P O 2 of 10⁻² Pa by EML. From the measurement results of EML and ESL, the surface tension of the 99.98 mass % pure liquid titanium, free from any contaminations from chemical reactions, with the supporting material and dissolved oxygen was expressed as σ 99.98 % = 1613 − 0.2049 T − 1941 (10⁻³ N·m⁻¹). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]