Time Synchronization for Smart Grids Applications: Requirements and Uncertainty Issues.

Smart grid implementation requires that multiple distributed systems are synchronized within and between substations. This is needed to coordinate the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) as well as to align in time the measurement data associated with the same event, but collected in different points of a broad geographical area. The time synchronization accuracy requirements in power systems are application-specific and are classified in the IEC Standard 61850-5:2013. Depending on such requirements, alternative solutions can be used. For instance, sub-microsecond time synchronization is essential for the implementation of Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC) systems. In fact, time synchronization directly and indirectly affects Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) accuracy. The PMUs can measure the magnitude, the phase, the fundamental frequency and the Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) of ac voltage and current waveforms at times synchronized to the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). Among such quantities, the phase data are those most strongly affected by time synchronization. If time synchronization accuracy is within ±1 µs, its impact on synchrophasor phase measurement is in the order of a fraction of mrad, i.e., low enough to have a negligible impact on the state estimation uncertainty of most of transmission and distribution systems. However, the need to interpolate the missing phasor values when data from PMUs with a different reporting rate are collected and aligned in time may unexpectedly boost synchrophasor phase estimation uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]