The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption: Bootstrap ARDL Test with a Fourier Function and Machine Learning Approach.

In this study, the relationship between electricity and growth of the economy is investigated by applying the newly-developed bootstrap autoregressive-distributed lag test with a Fourier function to examine both the causality and cointegration for China, India, and the United States (US). While it is not possible to detect a long-term cointegration relation among the economy's electricity and growth, the study findings demonstrate the contingency of the causality. The ensemble method in machine learning performs better than conventional methods as electricity is an independent indicator for forecast economics. Concerning the US, previous electricity consumption has a positive impact on the current nature of economic growth. In contrast, the consumption of electricity is negatively affected by the development of the economy. However, for China and India, positive and negative feedback can be observed, respectively. Due to the increased awareness of the environment's adverse effects, China should promote technologies that conserve energy and boost energy efficiency to achieve sustainable development in both environmental and economic terms. In India's context, broadening access to electricity has significance for residents in rural areas and enhances economic growth. It is recommended that policy-makers promote innovative technologies in the US, as the abundant natural and human resources can make valuable contributions to the society and development of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]