Immunology of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Comprehensive Insight with Recent Concepts.

Cancer immunosurveillance, or the elimination phase, is one phase, wherein the immune system eliminates the tumor cells, which is triggered by the acquisition of tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens [[90]]. Dying tumor cells release cytokines type I IFNs, and the surface of the tumor cells is composed of ligands such as MICA/B and H60, which activate the immune system cells by binding to the receptors. Keywords: biomarkers; gene expression; immune profiling; immunology; immunotherapy; oral cancer; tumor escape; tumor microenvironment EN biomarkers gene expression immune profiling immunology immunotherapy oral cancer tumor escape tumor microenvironment 1807 19 11/17/22 20221101 NES 221101 1. Lee et al. have mentioned that resistant tumor clones in HNSCC which are left behind in immunoediting remain resistant to T cell killing and T cell-based immunotherapy, but are sensitive to NK cell-based immunotherapy; in such patients, a combination of T cell and NK cell-based immunotherapy may benefit them [[103]]. Macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), natural killer cells (NKs), and innate lymphoid cells are the innate immune cells, and the adaptive immune cell comprises of T cells and B cells [[3]]. [Extracted from the article]