Recombinator- k -Means: An Evolutionary Algorithm That Exploits k -Means++ for Recombination.

We introduce an evolutionary algorithm called recombinator- $k$ -means for optimizing the highly nonconvex kmeans problem. Its defining feature is that its crossover step involves all the members of the current generation, stochastically recombining them with a repurposed variant of the $k$ -means++ seeding algorithm. The recombination also uses a reweighting mechanism that realizes a progressively sharper stochastic selection policy and ensures that the population eventually coalesces into a single solution. We compare this scheme with a state-of-the-art alternative, a more standard genetic algorithm with deterministic pairwise-nearest-neighbor crossover and an elitist selection policy, of which we also provide an augmented and efficient implementation. Extensive tests on large and challenging datasets (both synthetic and real word) show that for fixed population sizes recombinator- $k$ -means is generally superior in terms of the optimization objective, at the cost of a more expensive crossover step. When adjusting the population sizes of the two algorithms to match their running times, we find that for short times the (augmented) pairwise-nearest-neighbor method is always superior, while at longer times recombinator- $k$ -means will match it and, on the most difficult examples, take over. We conclude that the reweighted whole-population recombination is more costly but generally better at escaping local minima. Moreover, it is algorithmically simpler and more general (it could be applied even to $k$ -medians or $k$ -medoids, for example). Our implementations are publicly available at https://github.com/carlobaldassi/RecombinatorKMeans.jl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]