Modelling and Energy Management of an Off-Grid Distributed Energy System: A Typical Community Scenario in South Africa.

Conventional power systems have been heavily dependent on fossil fuel to meet the increasing energy demand due to exponential population growth and diverse technological advancements. This paper presents an optimal energy model and power management of an off-grid distributed energy system (DES) capable of providing sustainable and economic power supply to electrical loads. The paper models and co-optimizes multi-energy generations as a central objective for reliable and economic power supply to electrical loads while simultaneously satisfying a set of system and operational parameters. In addition, mixed integer nonlinear programing (MINLP) optimization technique is exploited to maximize power system generation between interconnected energy sources and dynamic electrical load with highest reliability and minimum operational and emission costs. Due to frequent battery cycling operation in the DES, rainflow algorithm is applied to the optimization result to estimate the depth of discharge (DOD) and subsequently count the number of cycles. The validity and performance of the power management strategy is evaluated with an aggregate load demand scenario of sixty households as a benchmark in a MATLAB program. The simulation results indicate the capability and effectiveness of optimal DES model through an enhanced MINLP optimization program in terms of significant operational costs and emission reduction of the diesel generator (DG). Specifically, the deployment of DES minimizes the daily operational cost by 71.53%. The results further indicate a drastic reduction in CO₂ emissions, with 22.76% reduction for the residential community load scenario in contrast to the exclusive DG system. This study provides a framework on the economic feasibility and effective planning of green energy systems (GESs) with efficient optimization techniques with capability for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]