Fly ash catalyst derived from combustion of boiler stations for biodiesel production: A review.

The continuous production and the usage of fossil fuels, as well as the dependence on fossil fuels or oil surely poses a threat to the lives of all human beings in the world. Also, it causes a serious problem to the environment. Literally, the palm oil contained in the liquid waste has a long hydrocarbon chain which is quite similar to the hydrocarbon chain in fossil oil. During this time, palm oil liquid waste in palm oil mills is disposed brutally to the environment and tends to pollute the environment. Generally, 1 ton of palm oil produce 4 wt.% of waste including oil sludge, and around 50 wt.% of liquid waste. Fly ash as a residue from combustion process in boilers has enormous potential of an economical and sustainable catalyst, as well as the impact on the acquisition of inexpensive and environmentally friendly biodiesel. Therefore, this review investigates the development of various catalysts based on fly ash from the combustion of boiler stations applied for the production of biodiesel. The application of heterogeneous catalysts based on fly ash from the combustion of boiler stations in biodiesel production can be one of the excellent solutions to overcome the problem of catalyst separation and to advance the development of an economical, environmentally friendly and sustainable source of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]