A Review of Formulation and Development of Domestic and Foreign Environmental Risk Assessment Frameworks for Contaminated Sites.

Many industrial contaminated sites have been left in urban areas, due to the relocation and retirement of industrial enterprises, and their potential environmental risks have attracted great attention all over the world. In such circumstance, some developed countries (regions) in Europe and America have formed their own characteristic environmental risk assessment frameworks (ERAF), based on the risk/toxicity assessment of chemicals. In China, the ERAF in line with current realistic situation is gradually developed, by integrating foreign experience. This paper systematically reviews the formulation and development of the ERAF for contaminated sites in China, the United States, the European Union, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, etc. The primary objectives, decision-making and management process, scientific orientations, and key innovations of these ERAFs are summarized. In addition, the promotion, support and guiding roles of key laws, regulations, policies, and technical guidelines of each country (region) in specific historical period are outlined. This review can provide a useful reference for the development and improvement of ERAF for contaminated sites in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]