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Survey-Based Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Animal-Associated Risk Factors for Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study: The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya, 2015–2018.

Authors :
Berendes, David M
Fagerli, Kirsten
Kim, Sunkyung
Nasrin, Dilruba
Powell, Helen
Kasumba, Irene N
Tennant, Sharon M
Roose, Anna
Jahangir Hossain, M
Jones, Joquina Chiquita M
Zaman, Syed M A
Omore, Richard
Ochieng, John B
Verani, Jennifer R
Widdowson, Marc-Alain
Sow, Samba O
Doh, Sanogo
Sugerman, Ciara E
Mintz, Eric D
Kotloff, Karen L
Source :
Clinical Infectious Diseases; 2023 Supplement1, pS132-S139, 8p
Publication Year :
2023

Abstract

Background: Pediatric exposures to unsafe sources of water, unsafely managed sanitation, and animals are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. In the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa case-control study, we examined associations between these risk factors and moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children <5 years old in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali. Methods: We enrolled children <5 years old seeking care for MSD at health centers; age-, sex-, and community-matched controls were enrolled at home. Conditional logistic regression models, adjusted for a priori confounders, were used to evaluate associations between MSD and survey-based assessments of water, sanitation, and animals living in the compound. Results: From 2015 to 2018, 4840 cases and 6213 controls were enrolled. In pan-site analyses, children with drinking water sources below "safely managed" (onsite, continuously accessible sources of good water quality) had 1.5–2.0-fold higher odds of MSD (95% confidence intervals [CIs] ranging from 1.0 to 2.5), driven by rural site results (The Gambia and Kenya). In the urban site (Mali), children whose drinking water source was less available (several hours/day vs all the time) had higher odds of MSD (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7). Associations between MSD and sanitation were site-specific. Goats were associated with slightly increased odds of MSD in pan-site analyses, whereas associations with cows and fowl varied by site. Conclusions: Poorer types and availability of drinking water sources were consistently associated with MSD, whereas the impacts of sanitation and household animals were context-specific. The association between MSD and access to safely managed drinking water sources post-rotavirus introduction calls for transformational changes in drinking water services to prevent acute child morbidity from MSD. We assessed water, sanitation, and animal-associated risk factors for moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children in a matched case-control study. Less availability (hours/day) and access to quality drinking water were consistent risk factors; poor sanitation and animal ownership were context-specific risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
10584838
Database :
Complementary Index
Journal :
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
163250936
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac911