The CNN-GRU model with frequency analysis module for sea surface temperature prediction.

Sea surface temperature is an important parameter of ocean hydrology. Accurate prediction of sea surface temperature is of great significance for ocean economic development and extreme weather prevention. Application of deep learning-based method in sea surface temperature prediction has significantly increased due to its high analytical power. Nevertheless, sea surface temperature time series are so volatile and stochastic, leading to the fact that in-depth analysis and accurate prediction of sea surface temperature are still challenging. Considering non-stationary and nonlinear characteristics in sea surface temperature sequence, variational mode decomposition is adopted as the de-noising module to reduce the influence of noise. Furthermore, the convolutional neural network is combined with the gated recurrent unit network to extract both spatial and temporal features in sea surface temperature sequence, simultaneously. Finally, a sea surface temperature prediction model based on deep learning model with frequency analysis module is proposed in this paper. The sea surface temperature of East China Sea is selected for empirical study. Comparative analysis demonstrated that the proposed model significantly outperforms the existing sea surface temperature prediction models. Especially, even to the mesoscale level, mean absolute error and root mean squared error of the proposed method are still 0.2038 and 0.2481, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]