Improving the quality of economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services.

Economic evaluation of clinical pharmacy services (CPS) is often necessary to assess the impact of those services, justify their expense, and compare with other services and treatments competing for scarce resources. With regards to economic outcomes, misclassification of services provided, and the costs of those services, may occur when trying to determine the actual care delivered to patients from patient electronic health records. Can collect outcomes not typically available in retrospective data sources (e.g., out-of-pocket costs, patient education; patient behaviors; reasons for referral)</td><td>Costly and time consuming. Patients will typically be referred to a clinic because of patient-level characteristics (e.g., poor medication adherence, use of multiple medications, patient level of education, income, location). [Extracted from the article]