Appraisal of Different Artificial Intelligence Techniques for the Prediction of Marble Strength.

Rock strength, specifically the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), is a critical parameter mostly used in the effective and sustainable design of tunnels and other engineering structures. This parameter is determined using direct and indirect methods. The direct methods involve acquiring an NX core sample and using sophisticated laboratory procedures to determine UCS. However, the direct methods are time-consuming, expensive, and can yield uncertain results due to the presence of any flaws or discontinuities in the core sample. Therefore, most researchers prefer indirect methods for predicting rock strength. In this study, UCS was predicted using seven different artificial intelligence techniques: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), XG Boost Algorithm, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Elastic Net (EN), Lasso, and Ridge models. The input variables used for rock strength prediction were moisture content (MC), P-waves, and rebound number (R). Four performance indicators were used to assess the efficacy of the models: coefficient of determination (R²), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The results show that the ANN model had the best performance indicators, with values of 0.9995, 0.2634, 0.0694, and 0.1642 for R², RMSE, MSE, and MAE, respectively. However, the XG Boost algorithm model performance was also excellent and comparable to the ANN model. Therefore, these two models were proposed for predicting UCS effectively. The outcomes of this research provide a theoretical foundation for field professionals in predicting the strength parameters of rock for the effective and sustainable design of engineering structures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]