Decomposition of soybean grown under elevated concentrations of CO2 and O3.

A critical global climate change issue is how increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ and ground-level O₃ will affect agricultural productivity. This includes effects on decomposition of residues left in the field and availability of mineral nutrients to subsequent crops. To address questions about decomposition processes, a 2-year experiment was conducted to determine the chemistry and decomposition rate of aboveground residues of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) grown under reciprocal combinations of low and high concentrations of CO₂ and O₃ in open-top field chambers. The CO₂ treatments were ambient (370 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated (714 μmol mol⁻¹) levels (daytime 12 h averages). Ozone treatments were charcoal-filtered air (21 nmol mol⁻¹) and nonfiltered air plus 1.5 times ambient O₃ (74 nmol mol⁻¹) 12 h day⁻¹. Elevated CO₂ increased aboveground postharvest residue production by 28–56% while elevated O₃ suppressed it by 15–46%. In combination, inhibitory effects of added O₃ on biomass production were largely negated by elevated CO₂. Plant residue chemistry was generally unaffected by elevated CO₂, except for an increase in leaf residue lignin concentration. Leaf residues from the elevated O₃ treatments had lower concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates, but higher N, fiber, and lignin levels. Chemical composition of petiole, stem, and pod husk residues was only marginally affected by the elevated gas treatments. Treatment effects on plant biomass production, however, influenced the content of chemical constituents on an areal basis. Elevated CO₂ increased the mass per square meter of nonstructural carbohydrates, phenolics, N, cellulose, and lignin by 24–46%. Elevated O₃ decreased the mass per square meter of these constituents by 30–48%, while elevated CO₂ largely ameliorated the added O₃ effect. Carbon mineralization rates of component residues from the elevated gas treatments were not significantly different from the control. However, N immobilization increased in soils containing petiole and stem residues from the elevated CO₂, O₃, and combined gas treatments. Mass loss of decomposing leaf residue from the added O₃ and combined gas treatments was 48% less than the control treatment after 20 weeks, while differences in decomposition of petiole, stem, and husk residues among treatments were minor. Decreased decomposition of leaf residues was correlated with lower starch and higher lignin levels. However, leaf residues only comprised about 20% of the total residue biomass assayed so treatment effects on mass loss of total aboveground residues were relatively small. The primary influence of elevated atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ concentrations on decomposition processes is apt to arise from effects on residue mass input, which is increased by elevated CO₂ and suppressed by O₃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]