Primary Immunodeficiencies: Pathogenetic Advances, Diagnostic and Management Challenges.

In the first paper [[10]], the epidemiologic, clinical, and immunological features of CVID-associated giardiasis are reviewed, evidencing that patients with giardiasis more commonly have reduced IgA levels and lower levels of switched memory B cells. 35566429 12 Pieniawska-'Smiech K., Kuraszewicz A., Sado J., 'Smiech K., Lewandowicz-Uszy'nska A. Assessment of COVID-19 Incidence and the Ability to Synthesise Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies of Paediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency. The atypical presentation of IEI is also the main focus of the paper by Morawska et al., which explores the spectrum of atopic manifestations in patients with selective IgA deficiency (sIgAD). This work analyzes the most common autoimmune manifestations in patients with antibody deficiencies, combined immunodeficiencies, and immune dysregulation disorders, and also introduces some specific monogenic entities that are used as a paradigm of "druggable" IEI. [Extracted from the article]