The effect of perioperative AKI on surgical outcomes.

It is crucial to develop methods to predict patients at high risk for AKI and identify subclinical AKI. Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication that is associated with development of chronic kidney failure, prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. Abbreviations AGT Urine angiotensinogen AI Artificial intelligence AKI Acute kidney injury AKI-D Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis AKIN Acute kidney injury network CPB Cardiopulmonary bypass CRRT Continuous renal replacement therapy Cys-C Cystatin C DAMPs Damage-associated molecular patterns HIFs Hypoxia-inducible factors HMGB1 High-mobility-group-protein B1 IGFBP7 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 IL-6 Interleukin-6 IL-8 Interleukin-8 IL-18 Interleukin-18 KDIGO Kidney disease: improving global outcomes KIM-1 Kidney injury molecule 1 L-FABP Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein NAG N-acetyl-glucosaminidase NGAL Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs RIFLE Risk, injury, failure, loss and end-stage kidney disease RRT Renal replacement therapy TIMP-2 Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This review describes the three main definitions of AKI: the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria, the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria and the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. [Extracted from the article]