Identification of the perpetrator imperatorin in Xin-yi-san-theophylline interaction: observed and predicted herb-drug interaction in rats.

Objectives: Theophylline is a bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic index and primarily metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2. Xin-yi-san (XYS) is a herbal formula frequently used to ameliorate nasal inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of XYS and its ingredient, imperatorin, on theophylline pharmacokinetics in rats. Methods: The kinetics of XYS- and imperatorin-mediated inhibition of theophylline oxidation were determined. Pharmacokinetics of theophylline were analysed. Comparisons were made with the CYP1A2 inhibitor, fluvoxamine. Key findings: XYS extract and its ingredient, imperatorin, non-competitively inhibited theophylline oxidation. Fluvoxamine (50 and 100 mg/kg) and XYS (0.5 and 0.9 g/kg) significantly prolonged the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (t_max) of theophylline by 3–10 fold. In a dose-dependent manner, XYS and imperatorin (0.1–10 mg/kg) treatments significantly decreased theophylline clearance by 27–33% and 19–56%, respectively. XYS (0.9 g/kg) and imperatorin (10 mg/kg) significantly prolonged theophylline elimination half-life by 29% and 142%, respectively. Compared with the increase (51–112%) in the area under curve (AUC) of theophylline by fluvoxamine, the increase (27–57%) by XYS was moderate. Conclusions: XYS decreased theophylline clearance primarily through imperatorin-suppressed theophylline oxidation. Further human studies are essential for the dose adjustment in the co-medication regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]