Modeling and management performances of distributed energy resource for demand flexibility in Japanese zero energy house.

Zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) can contribute to decarbonizing building energy systems, while the energy mismatch between energy demand and on-site stochastic generation in ZEBs increases the need for energy flexibility. This study proposed mixed-integer linear programming energy management schemes for optimizing the flexible scheduling of distributed energy resources, including battery energy storage, heat pump, and building thermal mass as a passive thermal energy storage system. With optimally designed objectives, this study used case studies to evaluate the flexibility potential provided by the demand-side management, considering dynamic characteristics of the process. The results showed that the proposed demand-side management for battery storage offers significant potential in increasing photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption and reducing operational costs. Cost reduction ratios of flexible dispatch of combined PV and battery storage systems exceed 15%. Flexible coupling of PV and heat pump systems for meeting hot water demand can reduce energy cost by more than 20%. The flexible coupling of the heat pump and PV system also had a significant impact on the power consumption pattern of domestic heat pumps, the load-shifting potential highly depends on the available PV generation and hot water demand. The optimal trade-off between thermal energy use and thermal comfort violation may not reduce the total energy used for space heating, the increased PV consumption helped reduce grid imports. The study provides insights into the energy flexibility behavior and efficiency of the proposed demand-side management for ZEBs, which is expected to provide guidelines for exploring demand-side flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]