STUDY OF MICROBIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INDICATORS OF BOVINE COLOSTRUM.

Many studies are being conducted worldwide, giving a more complete picture of the composition and properties of bovine colostrum, which allows it to be used in various diseases in clinical practice. An analysis of modern literature shows that bovine colostrum is rich in immunoglobulins, antimicrobial, and growth factors. Bovine colostrum has a positive effect in treating diarrhea in patients with immunodeficiency syndrome, in treating intestinal disorders caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in postoperative responses and the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. The aim of this research was to reveal the regularities of changes in microbiological and physicochemical parameters of colostrum after its defatting and freeze-drying. We used 4 samples of bovine colostrum in the first 6 hours after calving. The samples were degreased using a Hermle Z32HK centrifuge (Germany). Colostrum is stored in a household refrigerator at sub-zero temperatures. Freeze drying was carried out on equipment Erstvak EV-DF10A, (Russia). The microbiological parameters of the studied samples of colostrum were determined: Number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAnM) - according to GOST 32901-2014; Molds and yeasts - according to GOST 33566-2015; Bacteria of the group of Escherichia coli (BGKP) - according to GOST 32901; Staphylococcus aureus - according to GOST 30347; and Proteus spp. - according to GOST 28560-90. Investigated physical and chemical indicators were: Mass fraction of non-protein nitrogenous substance - according to GOST 23327-98; Mass fraction of protein - according to GOST 23327-98; and Mass fraction of fat - according to GOST 5867-90. To obtain defatted colostrum, native colostrum was heated to 40 0C and defatted by centrifugation in a Hermle Z32HK centrifuge (Germany) at 3,000 rpm for 20 minutes. Colostrum drying was carried out at condenser temperature (-60 0C), product temperature (25 0C), vacuum (1 Pa) on Erstvak EV-DF10A, (Russia). Samples of true colostrum obtained in the bactericidal phase from healthy cows of the second and third calving's did not contain pathogenic or opportunistic microflora. In samples of colostrum and preparations from colostrum after defrosting and drying, there is no pathogenic microflora, the titer of molds and yeasts in the samples meets the requirements for raw materials for specialized dairy products. In accordance with the obtained experimental physicochemical indicators of samples of native, low-fat, dry low-fat colostrum; colostrum whey, dry colostrum whey, the following conclusions can be drawn: - Colostrum is collected in the bactericidal phase, which is confirmed by physicochemical indicators obtained on an automatic FOSS analyzer; - The colostrum of the first milking of cows is of better quality and immunocompetent in terms of physicochemical properties and composition. - In the colostrum of first-calf heifers and cows obtained 6 hours after calving, there is a decrease in the readings of density, acidity, total protein, immunoglobulins and fat compared to the colostrum of the first milking, regardless of the age of the animals. - Thus, colostrum is a unique secret of the mammary gland and, due to its composition, is characterized by the following biological properties: - ensures the creation of passive immunity; has a bactericidal effect due to the content of lysozyme, which dissolves the membranes of microorganisms; inhibits the development of pathogenic microorganisms due to high acidity; and has a high nutritional value and excellent dietary properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]