The influence of electrolytes in the adsorption kinetics of reactive BF-5G blue dye on bone char: a mass transfer model.

The discharge of harmful dyes in water bodies is a serious pollution problem, dangerous for the ecosystem's equilibrium and human health. In this sense, the aim of this work was to determine the influence of electrolytes (NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂) in the adsorption of Reactive Blue BF-5G dye, the most common dye used in industrial process for fabric colouring, using bovine bone char as the adsorbent. The bovine bone char was characterized by pH of point of zero charge (pH_PZC), N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffractometry (XDR). The characterization revealed a mesoporous structure (pore mean diameter of 94 Å and S_BET ∼107 m² g^-1) with negative charge distribution at the surface (pH_PZC = 3.8). The adsorption experiments revealed that the presence of KCl enhanced the material adsorption capacity (q_max = 195 mg g⁻¹), that the Sips isotherm best fitted the experimental data (R² > 0.9 except for KCl solution) and the adsorption process was mono- and multilayered. The kinetic adsorption experiments indicated that the inorganic electrolytes increased the initial adsorption velocity and the data was best modelled by the surface diffusional model (SDM), implying a resistance (aqueous > CaCl₂ > NaCl > MgCl₂ > KCl) to mass transfer at the surface of the pores which, in turn, prevented the dye diffusion to the interior of the adsorbent (q_e = 71 mg g⁻¹). Therefore, small quantities of KCl can be used to lower the mass transfer resistance and provide higher adsorption capacity with reduced time of operation, thus increasing the overall process efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]