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Exposure assessment of nitrate and phenol derivatives in Tehran's water distribution system.

Authors :
Hadi, Mahdi
Bashardoust, Parnia
Aminabad, Mehri Solaimany
Nazmara, Shahrokh
Ghalhari, Mohammad Rezvani
Mesdaghinia, Alireza
Borji, Saeedeh Hemmati
Source :
Journal of Water & Health; Jan2024, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p147-168, 22p
Publication Year :
2024

Abstract

The presence of organic and inorganic contaminants in drinking water is a global concern. Nitrate and phenol derivatives are examples of pollutants that could be of anthropogenic origin. They are associated with numerous health risks, underscoring the importance of monitoring their presence in drinking water. This study aimed to measure nitrate and phenol derivatives, including 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), 2-Chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP), and phenol, in Tehran's water distribution system (WDS). The pollutants in Tehran's WDS were significantly and positively correlated with precipitation. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) of the detected pollutants were estimated. The results showed that the regional mean of nitrate and PCP in Tehran's WDS were 35.58+8.71mg L<superscript>-1</superscript> and 76.14+16.93 ng L<superscript>-1</superscript> lower than the guideline values of 50 mg L<superscript>-1</superscript> and 1000 ng L<superscript>-1</superscript>, respectively. Some districts exhibited nitrate concentration exceeding the allowable limit by a factor of 1.2 to 2.3. Consequently, the nitrate intake in some districts constituted approximately 50% of the reference dose. While PCP as a phenol derivative with more health concerns was identified in Tehran's WDS, the likelihood of its health effects was determined to be negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
14778920
Volume :
22
Issue :
1
Database :
Complementary Index
Journal :
Journal of Water & Health
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
175318923
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2023.133