Roles of Androgen Receptor Signaling in Urothelial Carcinoma.

Simple Summary: Androgen receptor signaling is an important target to investigate in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder because basic and clinical evidence strongly suggests that the androgen receptor is involved in bladder carcinogenesis. Moreover, androgen receptor signaling may suppress anti-tumor immunity. These factors may also be important contributors to the strong male sex bias in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that androgen receptor signaling strongly contributes to bladder cancer development. The roles of the androgen receptor in bladder carcinogenesis have obvious implications for understanding the strong male sex bias in this disease and for potential therapeutic strategies as well. In this review, we summarize what is known about androgen receptor signaling in urothelial carcinoma as well as in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, reviewing preclinical and clinical data. We also highlight clinical trial efforts in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]