Delayed impact of El Niño on the spring surface air temperature over India.

Air temperature variability and prediction are important considering the potential implications on human health, water resource management, agriculture and land-atmosphere interaction. In this paper, we investigate the delayed influence of El Niño on spring Surface Air Temperature (SAT) variability over India using observations and assess its predictability in coupled climate models. Analysis suggests that El Niño, at its decaying phase, exerts a strong influence on the spring SAT over Southern Peninsular India (SPI). This warming is mainly induced by an anomalous anticyclone, which extends from the Western North Pacific (WNP) region to the SPI. The anomalous anticyclone-induced downdraft reduces the cloud cover and increases incoming shortwave radiation at surface, which in turn causes a dry atmospheric column and dry soil moisture over this region. As a result of this decreased soil moisture, latent heat flux into atmosphere reduces and enhances sensible heat transfer, further contributing to dry soil moisture. Both dry soil moisture and anomalous anticyclone contributes to enhanced SAT over SPI region. It is found that 6 years out of the top 10 warmest years over the SPI region correspond to the decaying phase of El Niño, suggesting the importance of the present study. It is also found that the intense SAT warming over SPI aids in increasing frequencies of Discomfort Index hours (exceeding 28 and 30 °C in a day) and the Universal Thermal Climate Index during El Niño decaying spring years. Further, we have examined the predictability of the spring SAT during decaying El Niño years based on the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC) models. It is noted that most of the APCC models reasonably predicted the spatial distribution of warm SAT over India during the El Niño decaying spring season at 1 and 3 month lead. This study highlights the predictability of spring SAT a season in advance over India, which would help in planning better adaptation and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]