Examining the characteristics between time and distance gaps of secondary crashes.

Understanding the characteristics of time and distance gaps between the primary (PC) and secondary crashes (SC) is crucial for preventing SC ccurrences and improving road safety. Although previous studies have tried to analyse the variation of gaps, there is limited evidence in quantifying the relationships between different gaps and various influential factors. This study proposed a two-layer stacking framework to discuss the time and distance gaps. Specifically, the framework took random forests (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and eXtreme gradient boosting as the base classifiers in the first layer and applied logistic regression (LR) as a combiner in the second layer. On this basis, the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) technology was used to interpret the output of the stacking model from both local and global perspectives. Through SC dentification and feature selection, 346 SCs and 22 crash-related factors were collected from California interstate freeways. The results showed that the stacking model outperformed base models evaluated by accuracy, precision, and recall indicators. The explanations based on LIME suggest that collision type, distance, speed and volume are the critical features that affect the time and distance gaps. Higher volume can prolong queue length and increase the distance gap from the SCs to PCs. And collision types, peak periods, workday, truck involved and tow away likely induce a long-distance gap. Conversely, there is a shorter distance gap when secondary roads run in the same direction and are close to the primary roads. Lower speed is a significant factor resulting in a long-time gap, while the higher speed is correlated with a short-time gap. These results are expected to provide insights into how contributory features affect the time and distance gaps and help decision-makers develop accurate decisions to prevent SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]