Synthesis strategies and obstacles of lignocellulose-derived hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries.

In this perspective, we present an overview of the research and advancement of lignocellulose-derived hard carbon anodes and their pivotal role in the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. Hard carbon anodes, sourced from lignocellulosic biomasses, exhibit considerable promise due to their widespread availability, economical viability, and environmentally friendly attributes with zero carbon-dioxide emissions. Given the intricate compositions and composite nature of lignocellulosic materials, it becomes imperative to prioritize factors crucial for the fabrication of hard carbon anodes that exhibit enhanced sodium-ion storage capabilities. Thus, our study offers an extensive overview of the structure and performance nuances of hard carbon anodes derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Furthermore, it delves into the fundamental principles governing synthesis methodologies and confronts the challenges inherent in producing lignocellulose-derived hard carbon anodes tailored specifically for sodium-ion batteries. Highlights: • Lignocellulose is a promising low-cost precursor for the hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries. • Chemical, crystalline, components, and multi-dimensional structures of lignocellulose influence the structure and performance of hard carbon anodes. • Engineering methodologies tuning the microstructures of lignocellulose could change the intrinsic structure and performances of hard carbon anodes. • New methods also need to consider the principles of green chemistry and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]